我国秸秆综合利用取得积极成效

                         中国秸秆网综合报道，中央农村工作会议对全面推进乡村振兴、加快建设农业强国作出战略部署，提出要发展生态低碳农业。推进秸秆综合利用，打造生态产业，促进减排固碳，是我国发展生态低碳农业的重要举措。

农业农村部最新发布，今年以来，我国秸秆综合利用取得了积极成效，各大粮食主产区秸秆综合利用率处于较高水平，成为农业生态保护和农业绿色发展的突出亮点。

我国秸秆综合利用取得积极成效

今年以来，中央财政安排27亿元资金，全面实施秸秆综合利用行动，在全国建设300个秸秆综合利用重点县、600个秸秆综合利用展示基地，确保全国秸秆综合利用率稳定在86%以上。

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分区域来看，华北地区是我国小麦、玉米主产区，农业机械化水平相对较高，适宜于秸秆直接还田。目前，华北地区秸秆年利用量为1.79亿吨，秸秆综合利用率为89.0%，秸秆直接还田量占秸秆利用总量的近八成。

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东北地区，秸秆年利用量在1.61亿吨，秸秆综合利用率为86.4%。直接还田量和饲料化利用量分别占该区秸秆利用量的49.9%和28.7%。东北地区冬季寒冷、居民取暖用能需求量大，秸秆能源化利用量占全区秸秆利用量的16.2%。

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作为我国的水稻主产区，长江中下游地区秸秆年利用量达到1.44亿吨，秸秆综合利用率为87.9%，秸秆直接还田量占秸秆利用量的69.0%。该区是我国秸秆产业化发展水平相对较高的地区，秸秆市场主体规模化利用量全国占比37.4%。

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目前，农业农村部已经健全了国家、省、市、县四级秸秆资源台账数据平台。在还田比例超过40%以上的秸秆利用重点县，布设秸秆还田生态效应监测点位，大力推进秸秆肥料化、饲料化、燃料化、基料化、原料化利用潜力，全国秸秆综合利用水平显著提升。

因地制宜科学还田 把养分还给土地

田地是秸秆最主要的去处，如何实现科学还田，更好发挥秸秆还田后的生态效应？眼下，全国多地都在探索。

江苏淮安洪泽区是优质稻米产地。水稻收割后，当地采用犁耕深翻还田作业方式，通过犁耕深翻机，将地里的秸秆深埋到土壤里。这是当地今年提高土壤肥力的新做法。

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江苏省淮安市洪泽区农机化技术推广服务站站长 王康宁：它的根深比较深，可以打破土壤的底层结构，将底下板结的土壤翻到上面来，给下茬作物提供了有利的生长环境。

王康宁告诉记者，实施犁耕深翻还田后，预计小麦亩产增加100斤左右。

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在江西高安，今年水稻-冬油菜的轮作面积达到30万亩。晚稻收割结束后，当地大力推广秸秆生物腐熟还田方式，在生物腐熟剂的作用下，实现秸秆在短期内快速腐熟还田，保证冬油菜顺利播种，同时滋养土地。在杨圩镇，当地将水稻秸秆和动物粪便发酵成有机肥，运往田间进行还田。

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江西省高安市某有机农业有限公司总经理 胡柏林：我这里每年消化秸秆1万多吨，用来做有机肥发酵。肥料现在出货量每天是十来车，将近达到200多吨（每天）。

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农业农村部在全国主要农区32个点位的监测结果显示，秸秆还田为耕地提供了丰富的有机质、氮磷钾和微量元素，秸秆还田后土壤有机质平均增幅在5%到7%之间，作物增产幅度在2%到4.5%之间，秸秆还田生态效益逐步显现。

提升离田效能 延伸产业链

而相比于还田，离田后的秸秆利用更趋于多元化。不少地方创新利用秸秆资源，延伸农业产业链，促进农民增收致富。

食用菌产业是江苏睢宁县官山镇主导产业之一。初冬时节，在当地一家食用菌生产车间里，一簇簇雪白的双孢菇从培养基料中钻出来，菌盖厚实圆润。区别于其他菌菇品种，这里生产的双孢菇，它的种植基质是由麦子的秸秆制作而成。

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江苏某菌业科技有限公司负责人 侯小君：麦秸秆是我们种植双孢菇的基本原料，它含有丰富的碳和氮元素，我们把它和鸡粪混合搅拌之后，培养出我们种植双孢菇的基料。我们现在年产双孢菇大概4万吨，一年消耗秸秆用料5.7万吨左右。

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官山镇是江苏农业要镇，年产生麦秸秆2.5万吨左右。除了还田，这里的麦秸秆全部被用来制作成食用菌生长基料。这些基料经过栽培后产生的菌渣，一部分被再次利用，成为营养土，还有一部分则充当有机肥直接还田，实现农业绿色循环生产。

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江苏省睢宁县官山镇 副镇长 姚贤辉：我们把全镇各村的小麦秸秆集中打捆、运送、存储，统一看管，订单式销售给秸秆利用企业。每4亩小麦可以收集1吨麦秸秆，每吨小麦秸秆利润空间在200元至300元之间。

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眼下，北方已经进入供暖季。河南社旗县老庄村每年产生秸秆3000吨，除去用作还田和饲料，其余打包好的秸秆由合作社运往发电厂，以每吨200元的价格出售，全村用作燃料化利用的秸秆一年能增收6至7万元。

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河南省社旗县某再生能源有限公司生产运行部经理助理 张雷：在保证每天满负荷发电72万千瓦时的情况下，每天消耗秸秆600余吨。

玉米秸秆变身记

目前，全国秸秆离田利用率为33.4%。秸秆肥料化、饲料化、燃料化、基料化、原料化利用潜力不断被发掘。今年，吉林长春的一家肉牛养殖基地创新把玉米秸秆加工成牛羊的饲料。

吉林省长春市九台区伯宇肉牛养殖基地 负责人 孙志波：大家好，我是九台区伯宇肉牛养殖基地的负责人孙志波。我身后这个叫茎穗兼收机，它既把玉米整棒收回，又把秸秆轧碎以后变成饲料。

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吉林省长春市九台区伯宇肉牛养殖基地 负责人 孙志波：糖、蛋白质还有维生素都很丰富，牛吃了非常可口，可以直接饲喂，这就是我们肉牛的“厨房”，现在我们的工作人员正在给我们的肉牛做晚餐。

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在这儿，不仅人吃罐头，牛也吃罐头。给牛做的罐头，就是刚才从地里收回来的秸秆经过高温膨化放上菌剂打上膜做成的罐头，秸秆罐头它保存时间最长可以达到五年。

我们基地年可出栏肉牛两千头，每头牛消耗秸秆三吨，整个基地年可消化秸秆近六千吨，相当于周边3~4个村的秸秆产量。

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我们的肉牛加工基地通过产业链条的延伸，使整个肉牛养殖业的附加值更高，让肉牛养殖业潜力无限扩大。

三大举措推进秸秆综合利用

农业农村部有关负责人表示，未来将在三个方面发力推进秸秆综合利用。

一是还田要科学。秸秆还田不能简单一还了之，要充分考虑区域状况、耕作方式，技术措施成熟度等，各地要以台账数据为基础，合理测算秸秆最适还田量，分区域分作物集成推广还田技术，推动秸秆科学还田。

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二是离田要高效。目前，秸秆离田后，秸秆市场化还有极大的潜力可挖。各地要以台账数据为支撑，培育市场主体、完善收储体系、延伸产业链条，探索可复制、可推广、可持续的秸秆全产业链高值化利用路径。

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三要处理好还田与离田的关系。目前，一些地区过量还田和过度收集的问题并存。各地要用好秸秆资源台账，立足当地资源禀赋、耕作特点和产业实际，统筹好还田、离田工作，确保全国秸秆综合利用高质量推进。